Electrical - electronic Sockets, device housings, chargers, cables Cars - motorbikes Parts near the engine, electrical connectors, pipes Construction Plastic pipes, insulation walls, insulation materials Consumer goods - household appliances TVs, refrigerators, washing machines, fire-safe toys Industrial machinery Covers, technical plastic frames
Prevent oxygen contact Create a layer of carbon (char) to hinder the combustion process Reduce heat generation Absorb heat, slow down the pyrolysis process Prevent the generation of combustible gases Prevent the release of flammable gases from plastics Create inert gases Some additives release inert gases (N₂, CO₂) to dilute flammable gases flame retardant Halogen flame retardant (Br, Cl base) DecaBDE, TBBPA, DBDPE Highly effective, but many types are limited due to toxicity Phosphorus flame retardant APP, DOPO, TPP, RDP, BDP Common for PC, PA, PU; halogen-free, easy to blend Nitrogen flame retardant Melamine cyanurate (MCA), Urea Used for PA, combined with phosphorus to create synergetic effect Inorganic flame retardant Mg(OH)₂, Al(OH)₃, ZnB Non-toxic, cheap, often used in high doses (~50%) Synergist Sb₂O₃, Zn stannate, nanoclay Combined with other FRs to increase effectiveness
